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中国深部地下空间储能的理论和技术挑战 Review

杨春和, 王同涛, 陈海生

《工程（英文）》 2023年第25卷第6期页码 168-181 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2022.06.021

摘要：

Deep underground energy storage is the use of deep underground spaces for large-scale energy storage, which is an important way to provide a stable supply of clean energy, enable a strategic petroleum reserve, and promote the peak shaving of natural gas. Rock salt formations are ideal geological media for large-scale energy storage, and China is rich in salt rock resources and has a major shortage of energy storage space. Compared with the salt domes in other countries, the salt rock formations in China are typical lacustrine bedded salt rocks characterized by thin beds, high impurity content, and many interlayers. The development of large-scale energy storage in such salt formations presents scientific and technical challenges, including: ① developing a multiscale progressive failure and characterization method for the rock mass around an energy storage cavern, considering the effects of multifield and multiphase coupling; ② understanding the leakage evolution of large-scale deep underground energy storage caverns; ③ understanding the long-term performance evolution of large-scale deep underground energy storage caverns; ④ developing intelligent construction technologies for the deep underground salt caverns used for energy storage; and ⑤ ensuring the long-term function of deep underground energy storage spaces. The solution to these key scientific and technological problems lies in establishing a theoretical and technical foundation for the development of large-scale deep underground energy storage in China.

关键词： Energy reserves Deep underground energy storage Bedded rock salt Salt cavern Rock mechanics

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碳中和目标下深地储能及其挑战

杨春和, 王同涛

《工程（英文）》 2023年第29卷第10期页码 11-14 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2023.02.010

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Numerical simulation of underground seasonal cold energy storage for a 10 MW solar thermal power plant

Zulkarnain ABBAS, Yong LI, Ruzhu WANG

《能源前沿（英文）》 2021年第15卷第2期页码 328-344 doi: 10.1007/s11708-020-0676-1

摘要： This paper aims to explore an efficient, cost-effective, and water-saving seasonal cold energy storage technique based on borehole heat exchangers to cool the condenser water in a 10 MW solar thermal power plant. The proposed seasonal cooling mechanism is designed for the areas under typical weather conditions to utilize the low ambient temperature during the winter season and to store cold energy. The main objective of this paper is to utilize the storage unit in the peak summer months to cool the condenser water and to replace the dry cooling system. Using the simulation platform transient system simulation program (TRNSYS), the borehole thermal energy storage (BTES) system model has been developed and the dynamic capacity of the system in the charging and discharging mode of cold energy for one-year operation is studied. The typical meteorological year (TMY) data of Dunhuang, Gansu province, in north-western China, is utilized to determine the lowest ambient temperature and operation time of the system to store cold energy. The proposed seasonal cooling system is capable of enhancing the efficiency of a solar thermal power plant up to 1.54% and 2.74% in comparison with the water-cooled condenser system and air-cooled condenser system respectively. The techno-economic assessment of the proposed technique also supports its integration with the condenser unit in the solar thermal power plant. This technique has also a great potential to save the water in desert areas.

关键词： seasonal cold energy storage borehole heat exchangers typical meteorological data TRNSYS condenser cooling techno-economic assessment

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盐岩能源地下储备库群风险综合评价与管理体系

张宁,张强勇,李媛,马林建

《中国工程科学》 2013年第15卷第10期页码 80-90

摘要：

利用盐岩洞穴进行能源地下储备是我国能源储备的重点战略部署方向。我国盐岩地层埋深浅，呈层状分布，且夹层较多，地质条件相对复杂，增加储库灾变的可能性，因此建立一套盐岩能源地下储备库群风险综合评价和管理体系尤显重要。根据盐岩地下储库群灾变事故的统计结果，获取了盐岩地下储库的主要风险因子，对库群风险进行了辨识。建立了盐岩地下库群风险评价方法和风险分级标准，通过数值模拟方法对失效概率进行了核算，评价了金坛盐岩库群风险等级，并通过模型试验对结果进行了验证，开发了基于计算机网络技术的盐岩地下库群风险信息管理与评估系统，建立了盐岩能源地下储备库群风险综合评价和管理体系。

关键词：风险综合评价和管理体系盐岩能源地下储备库群

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Energy storage resources management: Planning, operation, and business model

《工程管理前沿（英文）》页码 373-391 doi: 10.1007/s42524-022-0194-4

摘要： With the acceleration of supply-side renewable energy penetration rate and the increasingly diversified and complex demand-side loads, how to maintain the stable, reliable, and efficient operation of the power system has become a challenging issue requiring investigation. One of the feasible solutions is deploying the energy storage system (ESS) to integrate with the energy system to stabilize it. However, considering the costs and the input/output characteristics of ESS, both the initial configuration process and the actual operation process require efficient management. This study presents a comprehensive review of managing ESS from the perspectives of planning, operation, and business model. First of all, in terms of planning and configuration, it is investigated from capacity planning, location planning, as well as capacity and location combined planning. This process is generally the first step in deploying ESS. Then, it explores operation management of ESS from the perspectives of state assessment and operation optimization. The so-called state assessment refers to the assessment of three aspects: The state of charge (SOC), the state of health (SOH), and the remaining useful life (RUL). The operation optimization includes ESS operation strategy optimization and joint operation optimization. Finally, it discusses the business models of ESS. Traditional business models involve ancillary services and load transfer, while emerging business models include electric vehicle (EV) as energy storage and shared energy storage.

关键词： energy storage system energy storage resources management planning configuration operational management business model

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地下空间支撑下的城市轨道交通和能源系统融合发展研究

秦博宇,王宏振,王召健,熊自明,赵金龙,卢浩,王明洋

《中国工程科学》 2023年第25卷第1期页码 45-59 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2023.01.014

摘要：

城市因人口、经济活动高度集中而产生极大的能源消耗量，也是各类风险高度集聚的重点区域；能源和交通作为城市碳减排的重点领域、城市“生命线”工程的重要组成部分，进行融合发展对于城市绿色低碳、安全韧性建设具有重要价值。本文梳理了城市轨道交通与能源领域的低碳韧性发展现状，涵盖城市轨道交通低碳发展、城市轨道交通与能源系统韧性评估及提升、储能系统安全防控及风险评估三方面；提出了地下空间支撑下的城市轨道交通多能源融合系统构想，阐述了常态时期、极端条件下相应系统的运行模式；从环境、经济、社会角度分析了城市轨道交通多能源融合系统的潜在效益，展望了构想系统的未来研究方向与可能的解决思路。研究建议，完善城市轨道交通多能源融合系统政策机制，推进多部门协同治理；构建城市轨道交通多能源融合系统科技创新体系，助力实现城市轨道交通低碳、安全、高效运行；推动城市电网和轨道交通协同管理体系建设，增强城市“生命线”工程韧性治理能力。

关键词：地下空间；城市轨道交通；交通 ‒能源融合；可再生能源；储能安全防护

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温室气体提高采收率的资源化利用及地下埋存

沈平平,江怀友

《中国工程科学》 2009年第11卷第5期页码 54-59

摘要：

全球气候变化是人类迄今面临的既重大又复杂的环境问题,由于温室气体大量排放而引起的全球气候变暖问题日趋严峻，正在严重地威胁着人类赖以生存的环境，国际社会必须采取积极有效措施。2006年中国国家科技部批准国家“九七三”项目——温室气体提高石油采收率的资源化利用及地下埋存研究。建立适合中国国情的CO₂高效利用和埋存体系；实现CO₂减排的社会效益和CO₂高效利用的经济效益；发展适合中国国情的CO₂埋存地下理论、多相多组分相态理论、多相多组分非线性渗流理论和CO₂捕集与储运理论。通过上述基础研究，形成具有自主知识产权的CO₂地质埋存和高效利用的综合技术，使中国CO₂安全埋存—高效利用研究处于国际水平。必将为全球资源和环境的高水平、高效益开发和可持续发展提供理论及实践依据。

关键词：温室气体资源化利用 CO2地下埋存提高采收率

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地下水封岩洞油库设计、施工的基本原则

王梦恕,杨会军

《中国工程科学》 2008年第10卷第4期页码 11-16

摘要：

我国对大量石油储存的需求使石油贮备库的建设势在必行，地下水封岩洞油库是储存油品的最好形式。文章介绍了地下水封岩洞油库的密封原理、类型、优点等并重点对其选址、设计、施工进行介绍。笔者旨在提出地下水封岩洞油库的主要特点和规划、设计、施工的基本原则及标准，并指出我国尚未形成关于大规模地下水封岩洞油库设计、施工的完整技术，缺少指导性规范。开展地下水封岩洞油库的关键设计与施工技术研究具有重大的现实意义。

关键词：地下水封储油库岩洞设计施工

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Can energy storage make off-grid photovoltaic hydrogen production system more economical?

《工程管理前沿（英文）》页码 672-694 doi: 10.1007/s42524-022-0245-x

摘要： Under the ambitious goal of carbon neutralization, photovoltaic (PV)-driven electrolytic hydrogen (PVEH) production is emerging as a promising approach to reduce carbon emission. Considering the intermittence and variability of PV power generation, the deployment of battery energy storage can smoothen the power output. However, the investment cost of battery energy storage is pertinent to non-negligible expenses. Thus, the installation of energy-storage equipment in a PVEH system is a complex trade-off problem. The primary goals of this study are to compare the engineering economics of PVEH systems with and without energy storage, and to explore time nodes when the cost of the former scenario can compete with the latter by factoring the technology learning curve. The levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) is a widely used economic indicator. Represented by seven areas in seven regions of China, results show that the LCOH with and without energy storage is approximately 22.23 and 20.59 yuan/kg in 2020, respectively. In addition, as technology costs drop, the LCOH of a PVEH system with energy storage will be less than that without energy storage in 2030.

关键词： hydrogen off-grid photovoltaic energy storage LCOH engineering economics

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Combined heat and power plant integrated with mobilized thermal energy storage (M-TES) system

Weilong WANG, Yukun HU, Jinyue YAN, Jenny NYSTR?M, Erik DAHLQUIST

《能源前沿（英文）》 2010年第4卷第4期页码 469-474 doi: 10.1007/s11708-010-0123-9

摘要： Energy consumption for space and tap water heating in residential and service sectors accounts for one third of the total energy utilization in Sweden. District heating (DH) is used to supply heat to areas with high energy demand. However, there are still detached houses and sparse areas that are not connected to a DH network. In such areas, electrical heating or oil/pellet boilers are used to meet the heat demand. Extending the existing DH network to those spare areas is not economically feasible because of the small heat demand and the large investment required for the expansion. The mobilized thermal energy storage (M-TES) system is an alternative source of heat for detached buildings or sparse areas using industrial heat. In this paper, the integration of a combined heat and power (CHP) plant and an M-TES system is analyzed. Furthermore, the impacts of four options of the integrated system are discussed, including the power and heat output in the CHP plant. The performance of the M-TES system is likewise discussed.

关键词： Mobilized thermal energy system district heating thermal energy storage combined heat and power detached houses

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Linking renewables and fossil fuels with carbon capture via energy storage for a sustainable energy future

Dawid P. Hanak, Vasilije Manovic

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2020年第14卷第3期页码 453-459 doi: 10.1007/s11705-019-1892-2

摘要： Renewable energy sources and low-carbon power generation systems with carbon capture and storage (CCS) are expected to be key contributors towards the decarbonisation of the energy sector and to ensure sustainable energy supply in the future. However, the variable nature of wind and solar power generation systems may affect the operation of the electricity system grid. Deployment of energy storage is expected to increase grid stability and renewable energy utilisation. The power sector of the future, therefore, needs to seek a synergy between renewable energy sources and low-carbon fossil fuel power generation. This can be achieved via wide deployment of CCS linked with energy storage. Interestingly, recent progress in both the CCS and energy storage fields reveals that technologies such as calcium looping are technically viable and promising options in both cases. Novel integrated systems can be achieved by integrating these applications into CCS with inherent energy storage capacity, as well as linking other CCS technologies with renewable energy sources via energy storage technologies, which will maximise the profit from electricity production, mitigate efficiency and economic penalties related to CCS, and improve renewable energy utilisation.

关键词： carbon capture energy storage renewable energy sources decarbonisation fossil fuels

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Optimization for operating modes based on simulation of seasonal underground thermal energy storage

ZHAO Jun, CHEN Yan, LI Xinguo

《能源前沿（英文）》 2008年第2卷第3期页码 298-301 doi: 10.1007/s11708-008-0053-y

摘要： A simulation was performed, which concerned the feasibility of seasonal underground thermal energy storage (UTES) in Tianjin, China. The investigated system consisted of 8 boreholes. In summer, residual solar thermal energy was emitted into the soil surrounding the borehole heat exchangers through which the stored energy was extracted in winter with a ground coupled heat pump (GCHP) to provide a proper heating temperature. A simulation study was performed to study the influence of system operation modes on thermal recovery based on the experimental data of a GCHP system, local meteorological conditions and soil properties in Tianjin. The results indicate a thermal recovery ratio of less than 67% and different temperature distributions under three modes. Finally, an operation mode was suggested based on both lower loss and better thermal recovery in the UTES.

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The carbon dioxide removal potential of Liquid Air Energy Storage: A high-level technical and economic

Andrew LOCKLEY, Ted von HIPPEL

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2021年第8卷第3期页码 456-464 doi: 10.1007/s42524-020-0102-8

摘要： Liquid Air Energy Storage (LAES) is at pilot scale. Air cooling and liquefaction stores energy; reheating revaporises the air at pressure, powering a turbine or engine (Ameel et al., 2013). Liquefaction requires water & CO removal, preventing ice fouling. This paper proposes subsequent geological storage of this CO – offering a novel Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) by-product, for the energy storage industry. It additionally assesses the scale constraint and economic opportunity offered by implementing this CDR approach. Similarly, established Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) uses air compression and subsequent expansion. CAES could also add CO scrubbing and subsequent storage, at extra cost. CAES stores fewer joules per kilogram of air than LAES – potentially scrubbing more CO per joule stored. Operational LAES/CAES technologies cannot offer full-scale CDR this century (Stocker et al., 2014), yet they could offer around 4% of projected CO disposals for LAES and<25% for current-technology CAES. LAES CDR could reach trillion-dollar scale this century (20 billion USD/year, to first order). A larger, less certain commercial CDR opportunity exists for modified conventional CAES, due to additional equipment requirements. CDR may be commercially critical for LAES/CAES usage growth, and the necessary infrastructure may influence plant scaling and placement. A suggested design for low-pressure CAES theoretically offers global-scale CDR potential within a century (ignoring siting constraints) – but this must be costed against competing CDR and energy storage technologies.

关键词： carbon dioxide removal Liquid Air Energy Storage Compressed Air Energy Storage geoengineering

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Experimental study and assessment of thermal energy storage mortar with paraffin/recycled brick powder

Luchen HAO; Jianzhuang XIAO; Wanzhi CAO; Jingting SUN

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第10期页码 1301-1314 doi: 10.1007/s11709-022-0883-4

摘要： Thermal energy storage recycled powder mortar (TESRM) was developed in this study by incorporating paraffin/recycled brick powder (paraffin/BP) composite phase change materials (PCM). Fourier transform infrared and thermogravimetric analysis results showed that paraffin/BP composite PCM had good chemical and thermal stability. The onset melting temperature and latent heat of the composite PCM were 46.49 °C and 30.1 J·g⁻¹. The fresh mortar properties and hardened properties were also investigated in this study. Paraffin/BP composite PCM with replacement ratio of 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% by weight of cement were studied. The results showed that the static and dynamic yield stresses of TESRM were 699.4% and 172.9% higher than those of normal mortar, respectively. The addition of paraffin/BP composite PCM had a positive impact on the mechanical properties of mortar at later ages, and could also reduce the dry shrinkage of mortar. The dry shrinkage of TESRM had a maximum reduction about 26.15% at 120 d. The thermal properties of TESRM were better than those of normal mortar. The thermal conductivity of TESRM was 36.3% less than that of normal mortar and the heating test results showed that TESRM had good thermal energy storage performance.

关键词： recycled powder mortar recycled brick powder thermal energy storage paraffin phase change material

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Optimal portfolio design of energy storage devices with financial and physical right market

《能源前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第1期页码 95-104 doi: 10.1007/s11708-021-0788-2

摘要： With the continuous development of the spot market, in the multi-stage power market environment with the day-ahead market and right market, the study associated with the portfolio of energy storage devices requires that attention should be paid to transmission congestion and power congestion. To maximize the profit of energy storage and avoid the imbalance of power supply and consumption and the risk of node price fluctuation caused by transmission congestion, this paper presents a portfolio strategy of energy storage devices with financial/physical contracts. First, the concepts of financial/physical transmission rights and financial/physical storage rights are proposed. Then, the portfolio models of financial contract and physical contract are established with the conditional value-at-risk to measure the risks. Finally, the portfolio models are verified through the test data of the Pennsylvania-New Jersey-Maryland (PJM) electric power spot market, and the comparison between the risk aversion of portfolios based on financial/physical contract with the portfolio of the market without rights. The simulation results show that the portfolio models proposed in this paper can effectively avoid the risk of market price fluctuations.

关键词： portfolio node price fluctuation transmission right energy storage right risk aversion